Control
The
control elements guide the system it’s the decision making subject system that
controls of the input processing and output.
Feedback
It
provides the control in dynamic system.
Environment
In
determines how a system most function.
Boundaries
Boundaries
are the limits that indentify its components. Process inters relationship
within interface with another system.
Input and output
The
main aim of system is to produces and output which is useful for its user.
Input
Inputs
are the information that enters into the system for processing.
Output
Output
is the outcome of processing.
Processer
The
processor is the element of system that involves that actual transformation of
input into output.
Introduction of
System:
Any system performs specific task or
goal through role or procedure for example organization office, T.V system is
the combination of different components others and working together element of
system.
SAD
In a system analysis design develops,
create or design new system and modify or add new components or current as
required demand.
Function of
SAD
Ø Develop
new system
Ø Develop
new component system
Ø Find
system requirement
Ø Find
system problem
Ø Develop
working procedure
Ø Modify
system
Ø Investigate
system performance
Information
Types of
Information
· Management
Information system
· Decision
support system
· Data
processing system
· Artificial
intelligent
Management
Information System(MIS)
It
provides information needed to manage organizations effectively. MIS related
with over roll internal control’s procedures of system and organizations.
Function Of MIS
· Planning
· Organizing
· Leading
· Staffing
· Motivation
· Controlling
Planning
The planning function of management is
the process of determine with the organization and how to achieve those goals
much of these information will come directly from the vision and mission
statement for system.
Organizing
It is the process of bringing together,
physical, financial and human resource and developing. Productive relationship
among them for achievements of organizing goals.
Leading
Directing consists of process or
technique by which instruction can be is used and operations can be carried out
as originally planned.
Controlling
The controlling function involves
monitoring the firm’s performance to make sure goals.
Feasibility Study:
Feasibility study is most important
activity in the system analysis phase. It proposed system from different
aspects so that it makes us clear that how particle or beneficial that system
will be to organization so it tells us whether the system is feasible to design
or not. In feasibility study we focus on long term gain instead of short term
benefits.
Deals with economical aspect, technical
aspect, operational aspect, behavioral aspect, schedule aspect, legal aspect
etc. about the system.
Economical:
It concerns with cost effectiveness of
the system. The major objective of economical feasibility is to calculate
approximate cost both the development cost and the operational cost and the
benefits from the system management always think that short term cost is over
shadowed by the long term gain.
Technical:
It concerns with the availability of the
hardware, software and the support equipments for the complete development of
system. It also deals with the other different types of technical requirements
uninterrupted power supply network and internet etc.
Operational:
Determined whether the system will
operate in the way that user wants determined whether the qualified and
experienced manpower is available for development and implementation of the
system measure of low will a proposed system solves the problem determined the
ability of management employees, customer, supplies etc.
Decision Support System (DSS)
A DSS is helper management when decision
situation arise. A decision support uses data from internal and external
sources. A DSS research communication, Creates design, helps management in decision
making.
Types of DSS
Structured
Decisions
Structured decision are the degree of
structured involved in decision making activity this decision determined three
component data process and evaluation structured. DSS may simply use a
checklist or from to ensure that all necessary data is collected and that the
decision making process is not meet by the absence of necessary data.
Unstructured
Decision
The decision have the same components as
structured decision there is little difference in nature for ex: each decision
makes Mays use different data and processes to reach a conclusion generally
unstructured decision makes in examples in which all elements of the system
environment.
Semi
Structured
It can be particularly problematic for
small business which often has limited technology as world face resources.
Function of
DPS (Data Processing System)
·
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial Intelligence is the science
and engineering of making intelligent machine especially intelligent computer
programs. It related with the similar task of using computer to understand
human intelligence. In other words, AI is the area of computer science focusing
creating machines that can an engage on behaviors the human consider
intelligent.
Area of Applications of AI
· Expert
system
· Natural
language translation
· Visual
pattern recognition
· Face
recognition
· Complex
decision making
· Understanding
· Speed
recognition
· Researching
· Vision
Waterfall Model
This model describes a developed method that
is linear and sequential. This model has separates goals for each phase of
development. This model does not allow change or revision after develop this
model use for software development.
Figured of
Waterfall
|
|
Spiral Model (Spiral Life Model)
These model processes are combining the
featured of the prototyping model and water fall model. The spiral model uses
for large expensive and complicated projects. This model allows the review
model.
The spiral model is special for large
expensive and complicated projects.
Prototyping Model
It is built tested and then reworded as
necessary until an acceptable prototype finally achieved from which the
computer system or product can now be developed. This model works well in
scenarios where not all of the project requirements know in detail ahead of
time.
This
is iterative (repeat) trial-z-error process that takes place between the
developers & user.
|
Requirement gathering |
|
Quick Design |
|
Building Prototyping |
|
Customer Evolution |
|
Refining Prototype |
|
Engineer product |
|
Start |
|
Stop |
Fig: Prototyping
System design tools
These tools are using before
construction or modify system.
Types of
system design tools
1.
System
Flowchart
This chart show how system work and process symbol of system design tools.
3. Context Diagram
This
diagram show all input and output forms symbol.
Decision Tree
Decision tree also does move or less
same job as decision table expect that, it follows the tree structure and each
node of the tree denotes conditions. Decision three is more users. Friendly be
it provides a graphical hierarchical diagrammatic view of the conditions and
actions.
Example: Find the maximum of among 3
different number suing decision tree.
Prototyping Model
Prototyping is the integrative process
of system development which is more requirement input and output using
prototyping programmers can build early versions of system. These system are
the continuously modified until the user is satisfied prototyping is especially,
helpful in situations where will be heavy user interaction with the system,
where the needed output is uncertain, and in some decision support application
where the logic is hard to determine in advance. The develop interview the user
and design and initial system using a database management system. The user
works with the prototype and suggests changes. This process repeats until the
user or developer is satisfied.
Development
of prototype
The figures show the steps involved in
developing a type of prototype.
There
are 4 steps and are as follows:
Identify the
user needs: The system analysts interview the user to
obtain an idea of what is required from the system.
Develop a
prototype: The system analyst, working with other
information’s specialist, uses one or more prototyping tools to develop a
prototype.
Determine it
prototype is a acceptable: The analyst educates the
user in prototype use and provides an opportunity from becoming families with
the system. The user advises the analyst whether the prototype is satisfactory.
If so, than the next step that is step 4 is taken, else the prototype is
revised by repeating steps 1,2&3 with a better understanding of the uses
needs
Use the prototype:
The prototype becomes the operational system. This approach
is possible only when the prototyping tool enables the prototype to contain all
the essential elements of the new system.
|
Identity system needs |
|
Develop a prototype |
|
Prototype acceptable |
|
Use the prototype |
|
NO |
|
YES |
Implementation
Implementation involves testing the
installed system converting from the old system to the new one and training the
users. This phase consists of implementation of the system in to a production
environment and resolution of the problem identified in testing phase. The new
system is installed and operated with old system until it has been checked out.
Then the old system is then removed from operation and new system takes from
thereafter. The implement operation is divided in three major categories.
1.
Direct Conversion
In
which old system is stopped and new system comes into effect immediately but
such implementation but such implementation is very hazardous because the end
uses might not have sufficient knowledge to interpret with the new system
directly.
2. Parallel
Conversion
In
which old system and new system is operated parallel in an action. This sort of
conversions is effective as we can test the new system while working and
without damaging the old system’s processing. If it is approved that the new
system works without any error then the new system replaces old system
afterwards.
3. Phased
Conversion
In
which new system is introduced partially one after another. This is merely the
good idea because we can correct out our error efficiently so as to build a
robust system that is we can check the mistake in each component of the system
and if it occurs we can correct immediately. Therefore we can introduce a whole
robust system effectively and efficiently.
4. Pilot
Conversion
In
which the new system is installed for new users, who evaluate it and help
decide whether it is suitable for the rest of the system to implement or not.
This method is hardly for new products, as it ensures functionality at a level
that can perform in real operation.
Maintenance and Review:
When the system is implemented,
maintenance and modification begin. Like any system, there is an ageing process
that requires periodic maintenance of hardware and software. If the design
specification then changes have to be mode. The software and hardware also
requires periodic maintenance so as to keep in tune with design specification
and to innovated new ideas into the system. The content of the review will
include.
· Objectives
met
· Standards
· Cost
· Recommendation
· Performance
Types of Maintenance
1)
Corrective maintenance: It corrects the
runtime errors during the operation.
2) Adaptive
maintenance: It modifies and adds new features in the system according to the
environmental changes.
3)
Perfective maintains: It makes the system
perfect up to date and improve the life of the system. In this way software
development stages goes on towards the fulfillments of new requirements of
users.
Transaction Processing System (IPS)
(It
processes data resulting from business transaction updates operational database
such as sales and inventory processing and accounting systems.) It is a
computerized system that performs & records the daily routine transaction
necessary to conduct business. It provides data to higher level management that
helps in decision making.
Executive Support System (ESS)
It is also known as executive
information system it operates on executive level of management. It provides
critical information from many sources. Costomized to information needs of
executives. The information is in concluded from and it is very useful for the
long term planning and it play vital role form long term goals of the
organization.
Normally,
MIS or DSS provides information to the ESS.
Example: System for easy access to
analysis of business performance action of competitors and economic
developments to support strategic planning etc
System Development Of Lifecycle (SDLC)
SDLC
is systematic way to developing any new system. It consists of a set of
development activities that have a prescribed order. It the life Spain of an
information system form in (beginning) initiation until it is removes or
redesigned.
The
term development cycle is used to acknowledge the important of recycling in
meeting information of recycling in meeting information need. The system development
lifecycle is classically through of as the set of activities that analyst
designers and users carry out to develop and implement and information system.
Importance and necessity of SDLC
System is defined as an aggregation or assemblage of objects/
entities of the real world environment joined in same regular interaction or
inter dependence. There are various types of system in real world environment
varying from simple grocery store to record keeping of statistical sites.
Besides many trends in development of industry and commerce have made computer
based system essential to efficiently run organization, governments &
non-government agencies use computer based system for efficient processing and
running.
Documentation
Documentation is not a separate stage,
it requires throughout the stages in development process. It consists of the
written description and procedure about software requirements specification,
feasibility report, software designing report, description about input-output
and processing mechanism, source code, comments, manuals, guides and effective
help desk moreover the documentation should describe everything you have done
sofar. It consist the limitation of the software, demo to describe how to run
the software and the minimum requirements in order to run it smoothly. The
following points describe the actual importance of documentation
· It
is easy to remember the program logic and instruction for the programmer during
programming.
· It
helps to solve the best way solution
· For
the future reference to maintenance and modify
· Effective
and easy use for user.
Why Documentation Need?
Documentation is needed because
· It
is a means for transfer of knowledge and details about description of system.
· To
help corporate audits and other requirement of organism
· Needed
for IT infrastructure management and maintenance.
· Needed
for migration to new software platform.
Mainly documentation is categorized into
two types:
Internal Documentation
External Documentation
Internal Documentation
It
is use by the system analyst and the programmer during development process. It
is very useful for the development period and also useful in future for the
modification and maintenance of the software.
External Documentation
It
is used by the user during the running time of software. It includes the detail
description in terms of manuals guide and help files. It mainly deal with how
to effective use of software.
Motivator
The
analyst plays the role of motivator in order to make the user concept the new
system. The analysts role as a motivator becomes very obvious an essential
during the first few weeks after the implementation of new system to make it
familiar with them.
Analysis and Evaluation
The
system analyst analysis the working of the correct information system in the
organization and find out the extend to which they meet users needs. On the
basic of the collected information the analyst evaluation and find the best
characteristics of the new system which will meet the users requirements. An
analyst most critically evaluates a system after it has been in use for
reasonable period of time. The analyst most decide when to do evaluation how to
do evaluation and how to collect user comments.
Designing System
After
specifications are accepted analyst designs the system. The design most is
understandable to the system implementer. The design most is flexible to
accommodate changes easily. An analyst most knew the latest design also to a
assist implementer in his task.
Architect
The
analysis role as an architect is an interface between the user logical design
requirements and the detailed physical system design. As an Architect the
analyst also creates a detailed physical design of system. A system analyst
makes the design of the information system architecture on the basis of the end
users requirements. These designs become the blue prints of the programmers.
Natural Language
Natural
language or ordinary language is any language that has evalued naturally in
human through used and repetition without conscious planning or premeditation
on natural language can take different forms such as speech and signing all
language are natural language although some varieties are subject to better
degrees.
What is internal auditing?
Internal auditing is an independent
objective assurance and consulting activity design to add value to an improve
and organizations operations. It help an organizations accomplish and it’s
objectives by bringing and systematic disciplined approach to evaluate and
improve the effectiveness of risk management control and governance process.
Internal auditing achieves this by providing insight & recommend actions
based on analysis assessment of data and business process.
What is external Auditing?
External auditor perform an audit in
according with specific lows or rule of the financial statement of a company
government entity others legal entity or organization and is independent of the
entity being audited user of these entities financial information such as
investors government agencies and the general public rely on the external
auditor to present unlisted and independent audit and report.
Data Recovery
In
computing data recovery is a process of solving (retrieving) in accessible last
corrupted damage of formatted data from secondary storage removable media or
fields. When the data storage in them can not be accessed in a normal way. The
data is most of the salvaged form storage media such as internal or external
(HDDs) solids state drives (SSDS) USB flash drive magnetic taps, CD, DVD, sub
system on other electronic device recovery may be required due to the storage
device or logic damage to the file system that prevents form it from being
mounted by the host operating system.
Advantage of data recovery
1.
This provides easy off any information system
or file getting lost. This will provide companies being run by computers to
securely if confidential files will back up. No issues of information lost in
many event of device problem.
2. It
is important in a sense that you are secured that events after crashing or any
virus or malware attracts your data could steel be salvaged.
3.
It recovers lost of corrupted data in no
time.
Network Security
Consists of the policies & practices
adopted to prevent & monitor unauthorized access misuse modification or
denial of a computer network and network accessible resources network security
involves the authorization of access to data in a network which is controlled y
the network administrator users choose or are assigned & ID and password or
other authenticating information that allows access to information and problem
with in their authority. Network security covers or Varity of computer networks
both public and private that are use in everyday jobs. Conducting transactions
& communications among business government agencies & individuals.
Network Security concepts
Network security starts with commonly
with a user name & passport since this requires just one detail
authenticating the user name i.e. the password this is sometime termed one
factor authentication with two factor authentication something the user has
also used e.g. a security token or dongle & ATM card or mobile phone &
with three factor authentication something the user is also use finger print or
retinal scan.
Security Management
Security management for network is
different of all kinds of situations. A home or small office may only required
basic security while large business may required basic security while large
business may require high maintenance and advanced software and hardware to
prevent malicious attracts from hacking and spamming.
Gantt chart
A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart
that illustrates schedule this chart vertical axis the width of the horizontal
bar in graphs show the duration of each activities Gantt chart illustrate the
start and finish date of termed element.
